Related products

• 

  Eagle’s Minimal Essential Medium (EMEM)

  [fusion_builder_container type="flex" hundred_percent="no" hundred_percent_height="no" min_height_medium="" min_height_small="" min_height="" hundr... [fusion_builder_container type="flex" hundred_percent="no" hundred_percent_height="no" min_height_medium="" min_height_small="" min_height="" hundred_percent_height_scroll="no" align_content="stretch" flex_align_items="flex-start" flex_justify_content="flex-start" flex_column_spacing="" hundred_percent_height_center_content="yes" equal_height_columns="no" container_tag="div" menu_anchor="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" status="published" publish_date="" class="" id="" spacing_medium="" margin_top_medium="" margin_bottom_medium="" spacing_small="" margin_top_small="" margin_bottom_small="" margin_top="" margin_bottom="" padding_dimensions_medium="" padding_top_medium="" padding_right_medium="" padding_bottom_medium="" padding_left_medium="" padding_dimensions_small="" padding_top_small="" padding_right_small="" padding_bottom_small="" padding_left_small="" padding_top="" padding_right="" padding_bottom="" padding_left="" link_color="" link_hover_color="" border_sizes="" border_sizes_top="" border_sizes_right="" border_sizes_bottom="" border_sizes_left="" border_color="" border_style="solid" border_radius_top_left="" border_radius_top_right="" border_radius_bottom_right="" border_radius_bottom_left="" box_shadow="no" box_shadow_vertical="" box_shadow_horizontal="" box_shadow_blur="0" box_shadow_spread="0" box_shadow_color="" box_shadow_style="" z_index="" overflow="" gradient_start_color="" gradient_end_color="" gradient_start_position="0" gradient_end_position="100" gradient_type="linear" radial_direction="center center" linear_angle="180" background_color="" background_image="" skip_lazy_load="" background_position="center center" background_repeat="no-repeat" fade="no" background_parallax="none" enable_mobile="no" parallax_speed="0.3" background_blend_mode="none" video_mp4="" video_webm="" video_ogv="" video_url="" video_aspect_ratio="16:9" video_loop="yes" video_mute="yes" video_preview_image="" pattern_bg="none" pattern_custom_bg="" pattern_bg_color="" pattern_bg_style="default" pattern_bg_opacity="100" pattern_bg_size="" pattern_bg_blend_mode="normal" mask_bg="none" mask_custom_bg="" mask_bg_color="" mask_bg_accent_color="" mask_bg_style="default" mask_bg_opacity="100" mask_bg_transform="left" mask_bg_blend_mode="normal" render_logics="" absolute="off" absolute_devices="small,medium,large" sticky="off" sticky_devices="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_background_color="" sticky_height="" sticky_offset="" sticky_transition_offset="0" scroll_offset="0" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset="" filter_hue="0" filter_saturation="100" filter_brightness="100" filter_contrast="100" filter_invert="0" filter_sepia="0" filter_opacity="100" filter_blur="0" filter_hue_hover="0" filter_saturation_hover="100" filter_brightness_hover="100" filter_contrast_hover="100" filter_invert_hover="0" filter_sepia_hover="0" filter_opacity_hover="100" filter_blur_hover="0"][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type="1_1" layout="1_1" align_self="auto" content_layout="column" align_content="flex-start" valign_content="flex-start" content_wrap="wrap" spacing="" center_content="no" column_tag="div" link="" target="_self" link_description="" min_height="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_display="normal,sticky" class="" id="" type_medium="" type_small="" order_medium="0" order_small="0" dimension_spacing_medium="" dimension_spacing_small="" dimension_spacing="" dimension_margin_medium="" dimension_margin_small="" margin_top="" margin_bottom="" padding_medium="" padding_small="" padding_top="" padding_right="" padding_bottom="" padding_left="" hover_type="none" border_sizes="" border_color="" border_style="solid" border_radius="" box_shadow="no" dimension_box_shadow="" box_shadow_blur="0" box_shadow_spread="0" box_shadow_color="" box_shadow_style="" z_index_subgroup="regular" z_index="" z_index_hover="" overflow="" background_type="single" gradient_start_color="" gradient_end_color="" gradient_start_position="0" gradient_end_position="100" gradient_type="linear" radial_direction="center center" linear_angle="180" background_color="" background_image="" background_image_id="" lazy_load="none" skip_lazy_load="" background_position="left top" background_repeat="no-repeat" background_blend_mode="none" render_logics="" sticky="off" sticky_devices="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_offset="" absolute="off" absolute_props="" filter_type="regular" filter_hover_element="self" filter_hue="0" filter_saturation="100" filter_brightness="100" filter_contrast="100" filter_invert="0" filter_sepia="0" filter_opacity="100" filter_blur="0" filter_hue_hover="0" filter_saturation_hover="100" filter_brightness_hover="100" filter_contrast_hover="100" filter_invert_hover="0" filter_sepia_hover="0" filter_opacity_hover="100" filter_blur_hover="0" transform_type="regular" transform_hover_element="self" transform_scale_x="1" transform_scale_y="1" transform_translate_x="0" transform_translate_y="0" transform_rotate="0" transform_skew_x="0" transform_skew_y="0" transform_scale_x_hover="1" transform_scale_y_hover="1" transform_translate_x_hover="0" transform_translate_y_hover="0" transform_rotate_hover="0" transform_skew_x_hover="0" transform_skew_y_hover="0" transform_origin="" transition_duration="300" transition_easing="ease" transition_custom_easing="" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset="" last="true" border_position="all" first="true"][fusion_text columns="" column_min_width="" column_spacing="" rule_style="" rule_size="" rule_color="" hue="" saturation="" lightness="" alpha="" content_alignment_medium="" content_alignment_small="" content_alignment="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_display="normal,sticky" class="" id="" margin_top="" margin_right="" margin_bottom="" margin_left="" fusion_font_family_text_font="" fusion_font_variant_text_font="" font_size="" line_height="" letter_spacing="" text_transform="" text_color="" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset=""] Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) is one of the most widely used synthetic cell culture media developed Minimum developed by Harry Eagle. It is composed of necessary salts for optimal cell growth and maintenance, high glucose, essential amino acids, and vitamins. Ever since, several versions of EMEM have been developed by modification of its composition, mostly by adding and modifying various supplements and nutrients. EMEM has proven to be suitable for a wide range of mammalian cells including HeLa, BHK-21, 293, HEP-2, HT-1080, MCF-7, fibroblasts, and primary rat astrocytes. PurMa ^TM EMEM Medium also contains: -  Low level of glucose (1.00 g/ liter) - Sodium bicarbonate (1.5 g/L) (if higher than 5% CO2 is used, a higher % of sodium bicarbonate is needed). - PurMa Biologics also offers EMEM Medium with high sodium bicarbonate (2.438 g/L) (Cat # P3S032110) -  2 mM L-glutamine (292 mg/L) - 1mM sodium pyruvate (0.11g/L) - A higher concentration of amino acids, vitamins, inositol and choline are present in this medium. PurMa Biologics manufactures 106 types of EMEM which accommodate any form of this medium. We recommend contacting our friendly customer service & technical support about your exact need for EMEM media. Why PurMa Biologics? Why we stand behind our cell culture media:

  1. Our products are the outcome of 30 years of experience in cutting edge cell and tissue culture science.
  2. We routinely manufacture over 1500 media which is the most comprehensive collection of cell and tissue culture media.
  3. We utilize %99 pure amino acids. This will significantly increase the consistency among your experiments, and the result of your lab compared to other laboratories working on the same issues.
  4. Considering the highest quality, our prices are extremely reasonable.

  Application of EMEM   This media has elements that prevent clumping the cells which is a necessity for performing analysis on these cells. EMEM has been formulated for use in a 5% carbon dioxide atmosphere and is not recommended for higher and lower percentages of CO2. It utilizes a bicarbonate buffering system. Scientists in PurMa Biologics have successfully evaluated EMEM medium for the culture of vast varieties of primary as well as commercial cell lines including human Osteosarcoma, Hek293 Cell, HeLa, Jurkat, MG63 cells, MCF-7, PC12, PBMC, and hybridoma cells. Ham’s F-12K   Medium contains no proteins, lipids, or growth factors. Therefore, Ham’s F-12 Medium requires supplementation, commonly with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). Formulation: for complete formulation click here: Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) is one of the most widely used synthetic cell culture media developed Minimum developed by Harry Eagle. It is composed of necessary salts for optimal cell growth and maintenance, high glucose, essential amino acids, and vitamins. Ever since, several versions of EMEM have been developed by modification of its composition, mostly by adding and modifying various supplements and nutrients. EMEM has proven to be suitable for a wide range of mammalian cells including HeLa, BHK-21, 293, HEP-2, HT-1080, MCF-7, fibroblasts, and primary rat astrocytes. PurMa ^TM EMEM Medium also contains: -  Low level of glucose (1.00 g/ liter) - Sodium bicarbonate (1.5 g/L) (if higher than 5% CO2 is used, a higher % of sodium bicarbonate is needed). - PurMa Biologics also offers EMEM Medium with high sodium bicarbonate (2.438 g/L) (Cat # P3S032110) -  2 mM L-glutamine (292 mg/L) - 1mM sodium pyruvate (0.11g/L) - A higher concentration of amino acids, vitamins, inositol and choline are present in this medium. PurMa Biologics manufactures 106 types of EMEM which accommodate any form of this medium. We recommend contacting our friendly customer service & technical support about your exact need for EMEM media. Why PurMa Biologics? Why we stand behind our cell culture media:

  1. Our products are the outcome of 30 years of experience in cutting edge cell and tissue culture science.
  2. We routinely manufacture over 1500 media which is the most comprehensive collection of cell and tissue culture media.
  3. We utilize %99 pure amino acids. This will significantly increase the consistency among your experiments, and the result of your lab compared to other laboratories working on the same issues.
  4. Considering the highest quality, our prices are extremely reasonable.

  Application of EMEM   This media has elements that prevent clumping the cells which is a necessity for performing analysis on these cells. EMEM has been formulated for use in a 5% carbon dioxide atmosphere and is not recommended for higher and lower percentages of CO2. It utilizes a bicarbonate buffering system. Scientists in PurMa Biologics have successfully evaluated EMEM medium for the culture of vast varieties of primary as well as commercial cell lines including human Osteosarcoma, Hek293 Cell, HeLa, Jurkat, MG63 cells, MCF-7, PC12, PBMC, and hybridoma cells. Ham’s F-12K   Medium contains no proteins, lipids, or growth factors. Therefore, Ham’s F-12 Medium requires supplementation, commonly with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). Formulation: for complete formulation click here: EMEM Formulation [/fusion_text][fusion_table fusion_table_type="1" fusion_table_rows="13" fusion_table_columns="2" margin_top="30px" margin_right="" margin_bottom="" margin_left="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" class="" id="" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" hue="" saturation="" lightness="" alpha="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset=""]

  Parameter	Specification
  Appearance	Red, clear liquid
  pH	7.2 ± 0.1
  Osmolality	275-360 mOsm/L
  Endotoxin	NMT< 2EU/mL
  Mycoplasma	Negative
  Suitability	Suitable for mammalian cell culture
  Additive	Sodium pyruvate
  Indicator	Phenol red
  Mycoplasma Detection	Negative
  Sterility Tested	Sterile filtered using 0.22 µm filter
  Form	Liquid
  Shipping Condition	Room temperature

  [/fusion_table][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container]1 x 10 L, 1 x 50 L, 10 X 1EZ Individually Packed, 50 X 1EZ Individually Packed, 1 x 500 mL, 6 x 500 mL, 1 x 1000 mL, 6 x 1000 mL Read more
• 

  Advanced McCoy’s 5A Modified Media (A-M5AMM)

  [fusion_builder_container type="flex" hundred_percent="no" hundred_percent_height="no" min_height_medium="" min_height_small="" min_height="" hundr... [fusion_builder_container type="flex" hundred_percent="no" hundred_percent_height="no" min_height_medium="" min_height_small="" min_height="" hundred_percent_height_scroll="no" align_content="stretch" flex_align_items="flex-start" flex_justify_content="flex-start" flex_column_spacing="" hundred_percent_height_center_content="yes" equal_height_columns="no" container_tag="div" menu_anchor="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" status="published" publish_date="" class="" id="" spacing_medium="" margin_top_medium="" margin_bottom_medium="" spacing_small="" margin_top_small="" margin_bottom_small="" margin_top="" margin_bottom="" padding_dimensions_medium="" padding_top_medium="" padding_right_medium="" padding_bottom_medium="" padding_left_medium="" padding_dimensions_small="" padding_top_small="" padding_right_small="" padding_bottom_small="" padding_left_small="" padding_top="" padding_right="" padding_bottom="" padding_left="" link_color="" link_hover_color="" border_sizes="" border_sizes_top="" border_sizes_right="" border_sizes_bottom="" border_sizes_left="" border_color="" border_style="solid" border_radius_top_left="" border_radius_top_right="" border_radius_bottom_right="" border_radius_bottom_left="" box_shadow="no" box_shadow_vertical="" box_shadow_horizontal="" box_shadow_blur="0" box_shadow_spread="0" box_shadow_color="" box_shadow_style="" z_index="" overflow="" gradient_start_color="" gradient_end_color="" gradient_start_position="0" gradient_end_position="100" gradient_type="linear" radial_direction="center center" linear_angle="180" background_color="" background_image="" skip_lazy_load="" background_position="center center" background_repeat="no-repeat" fade="no" background_parallax="none" enable_mobile="no" parallax_speed="0.3" background_blend_mode="none" video_mp4="" video_webm="" video_ogv="" video_url="" video_aspect_ratio="16:9" video_loop="yes" video_mute="yes" video_preview_image="" pattern_bg="none" pattern_custom_bg="" pattern_bg_color="" pattern_bg_style="default" pattern_bg_opacity="100" pattern_bg_size="" pattern_bg_blend_mode="normal" mask_bg="none" mask_custom_bg="" mask_bg_color="" mask_bg_accent_color="" mask_bg_style="default" mask_bg_opacity="100" mask_bg_transform="left" mask_bg_blend_mode="normal" render_logics="" absolute="off" absolute_devices="small,medium,large" sticky="off" sticky_devices="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_background_color="" sticky_height="" sticky_offset="" sticky_transition_offset="0" scroll_offset="0" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset="" filter_hue="0" filter_saturation="100" filter_brightness="100" filter_contrast="100" filter_invert="0" filter_sepia="0" filter_opacity="100" filter_blur="0" filter_hue_hover="0" filter_saturation_hover="100" filter_brightness_hover="100" filter_contrast_hover="100" filter_invert_hover="0" filter_sepia_hover="0" filter_opacity_hover="100" filter_blur_hover="0"][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type="1_1" layout="1_1" align_self="auto" content_layout="column" align_content="flex-start" valign_content="flex-start" content_wrap="wrap" spacing="" center_content="no" column_tag="div" link="" target="_self" link_description="" min_height="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_display="normal,sticky" class="" id="" type_medium="" type_small="" order_medium="0" order_small="0" dimension_spacing_medium="" dimension_spacing_small="" dimension_spacing="" dimension_margin_medium="" dimension_margin_small="" margin_top="" margin_bottom="" padding_medium="" padding_small="" padding_top="" padding_right="" padding_bottom="" padding_left="" hover_type="none" border_sizes="" border_color="" border_style="solid" border_radius="" box_shadow="no" dimension_box_shadow="" box_shadow_blur="0" box_shadow_spread="0" box_shadow_color="" box_shadow_style="" z_index_subgroup="regular" z_index="" z_index_hover="" overflow="" background_type="single" gradient_start_color="" gradient_end_color="" gradient_start_position="0" gradient_end_position="100" gradient_type="linear" radial_direction="center center" linear_angle="180" background_color="" background_image="" background_image_id="" lazy_load="none" skip_lazy_load="" background_position="left top" background_repeat="no-repeat" background_blend_mode="none" render_logics="" sticky="off" sticky_devices="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_offset="" absolute="off" absolute_props="" filter_type="regular" filter_hover_element="self" filter_hue="0" filter_saturation="100" filter_brightness="100" filter_contrast="100" filter_invert="0" filter_sepia="0" filter_opacity="100" filter_blur="0" filter_hue_hover="0" filter_saturation_hover="100" filter_brightness_hover="100" filter_contrast_hover="100" filter_invert_hover="0" filter_sepia_hover="0" filter_opacity_hover="100" filter_blur_hover="0" transform_type="regular" transform_hover_element="self" transform_scale_x="1" transform_scale_y="1" transform_translate_x="0" transform_translate_y="0" transform_rotate="0" transform_skew_x="0" transform_skew_y="0" transform_scale_x_hover="1" transform_scale_y_hover="1" transform_translate_x_hover="0" transform_translate_y_hover="0" transform_rotate_hover="0" transform_skew_x_hover="0" transform_skew_y_hover="0" transform_origin="" transition_duration="300" transition_easing="ease" transition_custom_easing="" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset="" last="true" border_position="all" first="true"][fusion_text columns="" column_min_width="" column_spacing="" rule_style="" rule_size="" rule_color="" hue="" saturation="" lightness="" alpha="" content_alignment_medium="" content_alignment_small="" content_alignment="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_display="normal,sticky" class="" id="" margin_top="" margin_right="" margin_bottom="" margin_left="" fusion_font_family_text_font="" fusion_font_variant_text_font="" font_size="" line_height="" letter_spacing="" text_transform="" text_color="" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset=""] PurMa^TM Advanced McCoy’s 5A contains components that allow for a 60–90% reduction in FBS supplementation. Using synthetic components such as insulin recombinant full chain, recombinant albumin, and transferrin increase consistency in results with less variation amongst lot-to-lot serum changes.  In Advanced McCoy’s 5A, L‑alanine‑L‑glutamine is used as the source of glutamine.  Additionally, reducing FBS requirements lowers the cost of cell culture experiments. Advanced McCoy’s 5A  contains:

  • All the twenty essential and non-essential amino acids with higher concentrations than regular and MAX formulations.
  • It includes the elements which significantly reduce the need for a serum for cell culture including:

  Advanced McCoy’s 5A  is a substantial upgrade to the standard and MAX for McCoy’s 5A. That is because media this media contains ingredients to allow for serum reduction, specifically: ethanolamine, glutathione, ascorbic acid, insulin, transferrin, lipid rich PurMa^TM Albumin, trace elements such as sodium selenite, ammonium metavanadate, cupric sulfate, and manganous chloride.

  1. PurMa^TM Albumin:  Chromatographically purified with IgG content <=0.1.0%.

  1. PurMa^TM Human Transferrin (Holo): prevents Improperly iron storage and delivery in cell culture systems which is a major contributor to oxidative stress and protein damage.
  2. PurMa^TM Insulin Recombinant
  3. Trace of other elements which mimic the elements in fetal bovine serum.

  In another word, Advanced form of McCoy’s 5A is a significant step toward chemically defined form of this media where all elements are synthetic and the need for FBS is eliminated. Chemically Defined McCoy’s 5A (CD- McCoy’s 5A) is the next generation of PurMa Biologics’ dedicated team of top scientists which is the outcome of decades of cutting-edge research. CD- McCoy’s 5A soon will be offered globally to laboratories who are looking for consistency and repeatability among their data. Formulation:  Complete formulation is available here: Advanced McCoy Formulation References:

  1. The survival of human skin stored by refrigeration at 4 degrees C in McCoy's 5A medium: does oxygenation of the medium improve storage time? DeBono R, Rao GS, Berry RB.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998 Jul;102(1):78-83. doi: 10.1097/00006534-199807000-00012.PMID: 9655410
  2. Mycoplasmal infection of insect cell cultures. Steiner T, McGarrity G.In Vitro. 1983 Sep;19(9):672-82. doi: 10.1007/BF02628958.PMID: 6413389
  3. Fresh and vitrified bovine preantral follicles have different nutritional requirements during in vitro culture. Castro SV, Carvalho AA, Silva CM, Santos FW, Campello CC, Figueiredo JR, Rodrigues AP.Cell Tissue Bank. 2014 Dec;15(4):591-601. doi: 10.1007/s10561-014-9432-2. Epub 2014 Mar 8.PMID: 24610241
  4. In vitro culture of postimplantation hamster embryos. Ebron-McCoy MT, Beyer PE, Oglesby LA, Kavlock RJ.Reprod Toxicol. 1988;2(1):31-6. doi: 10.1016/s0890-6238(88)80006-6.PMID: 2980399
  5. The turkey myogenic satellite cell: optimization of in vitro proliferation and differentiation. McFarland DC, Doumit ME, Minshall RD.Tissue Cell. 1988;20(6):899-908. doi: 10.1016/0040-8166(88)90031-6.PMID: 3245037
  6. Investigations on in vitro survival and virulence of T. pallidum under aerobiosis. Rathlev T. Br J Vener Dis. 1975 Oct;51(5):296-300. doi: 10.1136/sti.51.5.296. PMID: 172190
  7. Altered polyamine metabolism in Chinese hamster cells growing in a defined medium. Sertich GJ, Glass JR, Fuller DJ, Gerner EW.J Cell Physiol. 1986 Apr;127(1):114-20. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041270115.PMID: 3958058

  [/fusion_text][fusion_table fusion_table_type="1" fusion_table_rows="13" fusion_table_columns="2" margin_top="30px" margin_right="" margin_bottom="" margin_left="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" class="" id="" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" hue="" saturation="" lightness="" alpha="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset=""]

  Parameter	Specification
  Appearance	Red, clear liquid
  pH	7.2 ± 0.1
  Osmolality	275-360 mOsm/L
  Endotoxin	NMT< 2EU/mL
  Mycoplasma	Negative
  Suitability	Suitable for mammalian cell culture
  Additive	Sodium pyruvate
  Indicator	Phenol red
  Mycoplasma Detection	Negative
  Sterility Tested	Sterile filtered using 0.22 µm filter
  Form	Liquid
  Shipping Condition	Room temperature

  [/fusion_table][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container]1 x 10 L, 1 x 50 L, 10 X 1EZ Individually Packed, 50 X 1EZ Individually Packed, 1 x 500 mL, 6 x 500 mL, 1 x 1000 mL, 6 x 1000 mL Read more
• 

  Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium (IMDM)

  [fusion_builder_container type="flex" hundred_percent="no" hundred_percent_height="no" min_height_medium="" min_height_small="" min_height="" hundr... [fusion_builder_container type="flex" hundred_percent="no" hundred_percent_height="no" min_height_medium="" min_height_small="" min_height="" hundred_percent_height_scroll="no" align_content="stretch" flex_align_items="flex-start" flex_justify_content="flex-start" flex_column_spacing="" hundred_percent_height_center_content="yes" equal_height_columns="no" container_tag="div" menu_anchor="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" status="published" publish_date="" class="" id="" spacing_medium="" margin_top_medium="" margin_bottom_medium="" spacing_small="" margin_top_small="" margin_bottom_small="" margin_top="" margin_bottom="" padding_dimensions_medium="" padding_top_medium="" padding_right_medium="" padding_bottom_medium="" padding_left_medium="" padding_dimensions_small="" padding_top_small="" padding_right_small="" padding_bottom_small="" padding_left_small="" padding_top="" padding_right="" padding_bottom="" padding_left="" link_color="" link_hover_color="" border_sizes="" border_sizes_top="" border_sizes_right="" border_sizes_bottom="" border_sizes_left="" border_color="" border_style="solid" border_radius_top_left="" border_radius_top_right="" border_radius_bottom_right="" border_radius_bottom_left="" box_shadow="no" box_shadow_vertical="" box_shadow_horizontal="" box_shadow_blur="0" box_shadow_spread="0" box_shadow_color="" box_shadow_style="" z_index="" overflow="" gradient_start_color="" gradient_end_color="" gradient_start_position="0" gradient_end_position="100" gradient_type="linear" radial_direction="center center" linear_angle="180" background_color="" background_image="" skip_lazy_load="" background_position="center center" background_repeat="no-repeat" fade="no" background_parallax="none" enable_mobile="no" parallax_speed="0.3" background_blend_mode="none" video_mp4="" video_webm="" video_ogv="" video_url="" video_aspect_ratio="16:9" video_loop="yes" video_mute="yes" video_preview_image="" pattern_bg="none" pattern_custom_bg="" pattern_bg_color="" pattern_bg_style="default" pattern_bg_opacity="100" pattern_bg_size="" pattern_bg_blend_mode="normal" mask_bg="none" mask_custom_bg="" mask_bg_color="" mask_bg_accent_color="" mask_bg_style="default" mask_bg_opacity="100" mask_bg_transform="left" mask_bg_blend_mode="normal" render_logics="" absolute="off" absolute_devices="small,medium,large" sticky="off" sticky_devices="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_background_color="" sticky_height="" sticky_offset="" sticky_transition_offset="0" scroll_offset="0" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset="" filter_hue="0" filter_saturation="100" filter_brightness="100" filter_contrast="100" filter_invert="0" filter_sepia="0" filter_opacity="100" filter_blur="0" filter_hue_hover="0" filter_saturation_hover="100" filter_brightness_hover="100" filter_contrast_hover="100" filter_invert_hover="0" filter_sepia_hover="0" filter_opacity_hover="100" filter_blur_hover="0"][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type="1_1" layout="1_1" align_self="auto" content_layout="column" align_content="flex-start" valign_content="flex-start" content_wrap="wrap" spacing="" center_content="no" column_tag="div" link="" target="_self" link_description="" min_height="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_display="normal,sticky" class="" id="" type_medium="" type_small="" order_medium="0" order_small="0" dimension_spacing_medium="" dimension_spacing_small="" dimension_spacing="" dimension_margin_medium="" dimension_margin_small="" margin_top="" margin_bottom="" padding_medium="" padding_small="" padding_top="" padding_right="" padding_bottom="" padding_left="" hover_type="none" border_sizes="" border_color="" border_style="solid" border_radius="" box_shadow="no" dimension_box_shadow="" box_shadow_blur="0" box_shadow_spread="0" box_shadow_color="" box_shadow_style="" z_index_subgroup="regular" z_index="" z_index_hover="" overflow="" background_type="single" gradient_start_color="" gradient_end_color="" gradient_start_position="0" gradient_end_position="100" gradient_type="linear" radial_direction="center center" linear_angle="180" background_color="" background_image="" background_image_id="" lazy_load="none" skip_lazy_load="" background_position="left top" background_repeat="no-repeat" background_blend_mode="none" render_logics="" sticky="off" sticky_devices="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_offset="" absolute="off" absolute_props="" filter_type="regular" filter_hover_element="self" filter_hue="0" filter_saturation="100" filter_brightness="100" filter_contrast="100" filter_invert="0" filter_sepia="0" filter_opacity="100" filter_blur="0" filter_hue_hover="0" filter_saturation_hover="100" filter_brightness_hover="100" filter_contrast_hover="100" filter_invert_hover="0" filter_sepia_hover="0" filter_opacity_hover="100" filter_blur_hover="0" transform_type="regular" transform_hover_element="self" transform_scale_x="1" transform_scale_y="1" transform_translate_x="0" transform_translate_y="0" transform_rotate="0" transform_skew_x="0" transform_skew_y="0" transform_scale_x_hover="1" transform_scale_y_hover="1" transform_translate_x_hover="0" transform_translate_y_hover="0" transform_rotate_hover="0" transform_skew_x_hover="0" transform_skew_y_hover="0" transform_origin="" transition_duration="300" transition_easing="ease" transition_custom_easing="" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset="" last="true" border_position="all" first="true"][fusion_text columns="" column_min_width="" column_spacing="" rule_style="" rule_size="" rule_color="" hue="" saturation="" lightness="" alpha="" content_alignment_medium="" content_alignment_small="" content_alignment="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_display="normal,sticky" class="" id="" margin_top="" margin_right="" margin_bottom="" margin_left="" fusion_font_family_text_font="" fusion_font_variant_text_font="" font_size="" line_height="" letter_spacing="" text_transform="" text_color="" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset=""] Description: IMDM (Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium) is specialized for rapidly proliferating, high-density cell cultures, including Jurkat, Hek, COS-7, and macrophage cells. IMDM is not recommended for tumor cells. IMDM is a modified and more advanced version of Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium, includes selenium as well as additional amino acids and vitamins. IMDM is the only medium lacks Iron, with potassium nitrate replacing ferric nitrate which makes it much more suitable for adhesive cells like COS and Hek cells. IMDM contains no proteins, lipids, or growth factors. Therefore, requires supplementation, commonly with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). Furthermore, requires a 5–10% CO2 environment to maintain physiological pH. One important aspect about IMDM is the high buffering capacity with 3.024 g/L sodium bicarbonate and 5.9 g/L HEPES. IMDM media contains:

  • High Buffering Capacity with High NAHCO₃ + High HEPES :
  • Sodium Bicarbonate (3.02 g/L)
  • 5.9 g/L HEPES
  • High glucose 4.5g/L
  • Non-Essential Amino Acids
  • 110 mg/L Sodium pyruvate (1.0 mM)
  • 15 mg/L Phenol Red
  • 0.584 g/L L-glutamine

  Formulation: Complete formulation is available on our website, Click Here :  IMDM  References:

  • Plaque production by the polyoma virus. DULBECCO R, FREEMAN G. 1959 Jul;8(3):396-7. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(59)90043-1. PMID: 13669362.
  • Complete replacement of serum by albumin, transferrin, and soybean lipid in cultures of lipopolysaccharide-reactive B lymphocytes. J Exp Med. 1978 Mar 1; 147(3): 923–933. doi: 10.1084/jem.147.3.923 PMCID: PMC2184195
  • Improved Survival and Initiation of Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Hepatocyte-Like Cells upon Culture in William’s E Medium followed by Hepatocyte Differentiation Inducer Treatment, Minoru Tomizawa, Fuminobu Shinozaki, Yasufumi Motoyoshi, Takao Sugiyama, Shigenori Yamamoto, Naoki Ishige, PLoS One. 2016; 11(4): e0153435. Published online 2016 Apr 13. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153435, PMCID: PMC4830564
  • Cell culture medium formulation and its implications in cancer metabolism,Tobias Ackermann, Saverio Tardito, Trends Cancer. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 Jun 10. Published in final edited form as: Trends Cancer. 2019 Jun 4; 5(6): 329–332. Published online 2019 May 29. doi: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.05.004, PMCID: PMC6557711
  • Development of an infusible-grade solution for non-cryopreserved hematopoietic cell storage. Burger SR, Hubel A, McCullough J. 1999;1(2):123-33. doi:10.1080/0032472031000141250. PMID: 19746589
  • Essential components for ex vivo proliferation of mesenchymal stromal cells. Fekete N, Rojewski MT, Lotfi R, Schrezenmeier H. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2014 Feb;20(2):129-39. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEC.2013.0061. Epub 2013 Jul 5. PMID: 23713576
  • Effects of glutamine supply on growth and metabolism of mammalian cells in chemostat culture. Vriezen N, Romein B, Luyben KC, van Dijken JP. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1997 May 5;54(3):272-86. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19970505)54:3<272::AID-BIT8>3.0.CO;2-C. PMID: 18634093.
  • Development of a serum-free medium for the production of humanized antibody from Chinese hamster ovary cells using a statistical design. Kim EJ, Kim NS, Lee GM. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1998 Nov-Dec;34(10):757-61. doi: 10.1007/s11626-998-0029-6.

  [/fusion_text][fusion_table fusion_table_type="1" fusion_table_rows="13" fusion_table_columns="2" margin_top="30px" margin_right="" margin_bottom="" margin_left="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" class="" id="" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" hue="" saturation="" lightness="" alpha="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset=""]

  Parameter	Specification
  Appearance	Red, clear liquid
  pH	7.2 ± 0.1
  Osmolality	275-360 mOsm/L
  Endotoxin	NMT< 2EU/mL
  Mycoplasma	Negative
  Suitability	Suitable for mammalian cell culture
  Additive	Sodium pyruvate
  Indicator	Phenol red
  Mycoplasma Detection	Negative
  Sterility Tested	Sterile filtered using 0.22 µm filter
  Form	Liquid
  Shipping Condition	Room temperature

  [/fusion_table][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container]1 x 10 L, 1 x 50 L, 10 X 1EZ Individually Packed, 50 X 1EZ Individually Packed, 1 x 500 mL, 6 x 500 mL, 1 x 1000 mL, 6 x 1000 mL Read more
• 

  McCoy’s 5A Modified Media-MAX (M5AMM-MAX)

  [fusion_builder_container type="flex" hundred_percent="no" hundred_percent_height="no" min_height_medium="" min_height_small="" min_height="" hundr... [fusion_builder_container type="flex" hundred_percent="no" hundred_percent_height="no" min_height_medium="" min_height_small="" min_height="" hundred_percent_height_scroll="no" align_content="stretch" flex_align_items="flex-start" flex_justify_content="flex-start" flex_column_spacing="" hundred_percent_height_center_content="yes" equal_height_columns="no" container_tag="div" menu_anchor="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" status="published" publish_date="" class="" id="" spacing_medium="" margin_top_medium="" margin_bottom_medium="" spacing_small="" margin_top_small="" margin_bottom_small="" margin_top="" margin_bottom="" padding_dimensions_medium="" padding_top_medium="" padding_right_medium="" padding_bottom_medium="" padding_left_medium="" padding_dimensions_small="" padding_top_small="" padding_right_small="" padding_bottom_small="" padding_left_small="" padding_top="" padding_right="" padding_bottom="" padding_left="" link_color="" link_hover_color="" border_sizes="" border_sizes_top="" border_sizes_right="" border_sizes_bottom="" border_sizes_left="" border_color="" border_style="solid" border_radius_top_left="" border_radius_top_right="" border_radius_bottom_right="" border_radius_bottom_left="" box_shadow="no" box_shadow_vertical="" box_shadow_horizontal="" box_shadow_blur="0" box_shadow_spread="0" box_shadow_color="" box_shadow_style="" z_index="" overflow="" gradient_start_color="" gradient_end_color="" gradient_start_position="0" gradient_end_position="100" gradient_type="linear" radial_direction="center center" linear_angle="180" background_color="" background_image="" skip_lazy_load="" background_position="center center" background_repeat="no-repeat" fade="no" background_parallax="none" enable_mobile="no" parallax_speed="0.3" background_blend_mode="none" video_mp4="" video_webm="" video_ogv="" video_url="" video_aspect_ratio="16:9" video_loop="yes" video_mute="yes" video_preview_image="" pattern_bg="none" pattern_custom_bg="" pattern_bg_color="" pattern_bg_style="default" pattern_bg_opacity="100" pattern_bg_size="" pattern_bg_blend_mode="normal" mask_bg="none" mask_custom_bg="" mask_bg_color="" mask_bg_accent_color="" mask_bg_style="default" mask_bg_opacity="100" mask_bg_transform="left" mask_bg_blend_mode="normal" render_logics="" absolute="off" absolute_devices="small,medium,large" sticky="off" sticky_devices="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_background_color="" sticky_height="" sticky_offset="" sticky_transition_offset="0" scroll_offset="0" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset="" filter_hue="0" filter_saturation="100" filter_brightness="100" filter_contrast="100" filter_invert="0" filter_sepia="0" filter_opacity="100" filter_blur="0" filter_hue_hover="0" filter_saturation_hover="100" filter_brightness_hover="100" filter_contrast_hover="100" filter_invert_hover="0" filter_sepia_hover="0" filter_opacity_hover="100" filter_blur_hover="0"][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type="1_1" layout="1_1" align_self="auto" content_layout="column" align_content="flex-start" valign_content="flex-start" content_wrap="wrap" spacing="" center_content="no" column_tag="div" link="" target="_self" link_description="" min_height="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_display="normal,sticky" class="" id="" type_medium="" type_small="" order_medium="0" order_small="0" dimension_spacing_medium="" dimension_spacing_small="" dimension_spacing="" dimension_margin_medium="" dimension_margin_small="" margin_top="" margin_bottom="" padding_medium="" padding_small="" padding_top="" padding_right="" padding_bottom="" padding_left="" hover_type="none" border_sizes="" border_color="" border_style="solid" border_radius="" box_shadow="no" dimension_box_shadow="" box_shadow_blur="0" box_shadow_spread="0" box_shadow_color="" box_shadow_style="" z_index_subgroup="regular" z_index="" z_index_hover="" overflow="" background_type="single" gradient_start_color="" gradient_end_color="" gradient_start_position="0" gradient_end_position="100" gradient_type="linear" radial_direction="center center" linear_angle="180" background_color="" background_image="" background_image_id="" lazy_load="none" skip_lazy_load="" background_position="left top" background_repeat="no-repeat" background_blend_mode="none" render_logics="" sticky="off" sticky_devices="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_offset="" absolute="off" absolute_props="" filter_type="regular" filter_hover_element="self" filter_hue="0" filter_saturation="100" filter_brightness="100" filter_contrast="100" filter_invert="0" filter_sepia="0" filter_opacity="100" filter_blur="0" filter_hue_hover="0" filter_saturation_hover="100" filter_brightness_hover="100" filter_contrast_hover="100" filter_invert_hover="0" filter_sepia_hover="0" filter_opacity_hover="100" filter_blur_hover="0" transform_type="regular" transform_hover_element="self" transform_scale_x="1" transform_scale_y="1" transform_translate_x="0" transform_translate_y="0" transform_rotate="0" transform_skew_x="0" transform_skew_y="0" transform_scale_x_hover="1" transform_scale_y_hover="1" transform_translate_x_hover="0" transform_translate_y_hover="0" transform_rotate_hover="0" transform_skew_x_hover="0" transform_skew_y_hover="0" transform_origin="" transition_duration="300" transition_easing="ease" transition_custom_easing="" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset="" last="true" border_position="all" first="true"][fusion_text columns="" column_min_width="" column_spacing="" rule_style="" rule_size="" rule_color="" hue="" saturation="" lightness="" alpha="" content_alignment_medium="" content_alignment_small="" content_alignment="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" sticky_display="normal,sticky" class="" id="" margin_top="" margin_right="" margin_bottom="" margin_left="" fusion_font_family_text_font="" fusion_font_variant_text_font="" font_size="" line_height="" letter_spacing="" text_transform="" text_color="" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset=""] In general, the advantages of McCoy’s 5A Medium-MAX over Regular McCoy’s 5A Medium are as follows:

  1. PH Capacity. The standard form of McCoy’s 5A -MAX contains 2.5 g/L of Sodium Bicarbonate. PurMa Biologics also manufactures McCoy’s 5A Medium with higher NaHCO3 (3.7 g/L) which provides higher protection against PH changes (Cat: P3M132724)

  2. Contains 2 mM L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine (0.434 g/L) instead of L-Glutamine and therefore:

  • Possess longer shelf life)
  • Minimizes toxic ammonia build-up.
  • Improves cell viability and growth.
  • Remains stable across a wide range of temperatures.
  • Minimizes the growth of pathogens by stabilizing the PH.
  • Improves the culture of primary cells.

  Additionally, McCoy’s 5A-MAX contains:

  • 2 mM L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine (434 mg/L) (therefore possess longer shelf life)
  • Non-Essential Amino Acids
  • Sodium Bicarbonate (2.20 g/L)
  • Non-Essential Amino Acids
  • PurMa Biologics Manufactures several types of McCoy’s 5A Medium -MAX based on the amount of Sodium Bicarbonate and HEPES (PH capacity) requested.
  • Phenol Red
  • Moreover, High Glucose McCoy’s 5A Medium -MAX (4.5g /L) is available at PurMa Biologics (Cat: P3M129724)

  L-glutamine is a vital amino acid that is supplemented with mammalian cell culture media. This important amino acid has several important functions including the production of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides amino sugars, and glutathione as well as performing as the secondary source of energy. The latter is more crucial in cells dividing rapidly. One drawback of using L-glutamine is that in solutions such as cell culture media, L-glutamine degrades, resulting in the generation of toxic ammonia and pyrrolidine carboxylic acid. The speed of degradation of L-glutamine depends on time, temperature, and pH. One way to minimize the degradation of L-glutamine degradation in media is to gradually add these amino acids to your cell culture but has to be calculated to keep the level of L-glutamine at a constant level. Practically, this strategy even though is possible but tedious, and depending on the volume of cell culture work in your la, keeping track of time to keep the level of L-glutamine at the same level is difficult and could be tedious if not impossible. A viable and well-proven alternative for using L-glutamine, which is less sensitive to environmental factors such as pH, is applying L-alanyl-L-glutamine, which is more stable in aqueous solutions and does not easily degrade and cells gradually release aminopeptidases that hydrolyze the dipeptide, slowly releasing L-alanine and L-glutamine into the culture media. The resulting L-glutamine and L-alanine are then used by the cells for protein production or in the TCA cycle. PurMa^TM GluaSup (Cat# P3S210 559) is a proprietary combination of L-alanyl-L-glutamine and other elements which prevent degradation of L-glutamine in the period when is released from L-alanyl-L-glutamine before being utilized by cells. Using PurMa^TM GluaSup maximizes energy metabolism and high growth yield. The other components in PurMa^TM GluaSup neutralize the trace of ammonia on your cells whose generation in cell culture is inevitable in presence of L-glutamine and harmful to the cells. Additionally, PurMa^TM GluaSup offers more buffering capacity which maintains physiological pH more efficiently.  An extra buffering system in this media is a powerful tool to avoid changing the PH which results in instability in growing and cellular mechanisms. Changing the PH is also one of the most common factors for growing mold and other pathogens. McCoy’s 5A Medium -MAX functions better than regular McCoy’s 5A Medium on primary cell culture and most of the commercial cell lines such as MDCK, glial cells, fibroblasts, human endothelial cells, and rat fibroblasts. McCoy’s 5A Medium contains no proteins, lipids, or growth factors. Therefore, it requires supplementation, commonly with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) McCoy’s 5A Medium -MAX contains:

  • 2 mM L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine (434 mg/L) (therefore possess longer shelf life)
  • 2mM mM sodium pyruvate (220 mg/L)
  • Low glucose (1260 mg/L). For higher glucose please order P3M129108 McCoy’s 5A Medium
  • Non-Essential Amino Acids
  • Sodium Bicarbonate (2.5 g/L) for Lower NAHCO3 (1.5 g/L) order P3M157108; for Higher NAHCO3 (3.7 g/L), please order McCoy’s 5A Medium, Cat: P3M159108
  • Phenol Red
  • Lipoic Acid

  The complete formulation can be found here: McCoy-MAX Formulation References

  1. The survival of human skin stored by refrigeration at 4 degrees C in McCoy's 5A medium: does oxygenation of the medium improve storage time? DeBono R, Rao GS, Berry RB.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998 Jul;102(1):78-83. doi: 10.1097/00006534-199807000-00012.PMID: 9655410
  2. Mycoplasmal infection of insect cell cultures. Steiner T, McGarrity G.In Vitro. 1983 Sep;19(9):672-82. doi: 10.1007/BF02628958.PMID: 6413389
  3. Fresh and vitrified bovine preantral follicles have different nutritional requirements during in vitro culture. Castro SV, Carvalho AA, Silva CM, Santos FW, Campello CC, Figueiredo JR, Rodrigues AP.Cell Tissue Bank. 2014 Dec;15(4):591-601. doi: 10.1007/s10561-014-9432-2. Epub 2014 Mar 8.PMID: 24610241
  4. In vitro culture of postimplantation hamster embryos. Ebron-McCoy MT, Beyer PE, Oglesby LA, Kavlock RJ.Reprod Toxicol. 1988;2(1):31-6. doi: 10.1016/s0890-6238(88)80006-6.PMID: 2980399
  5. The turkey myogenic satellite cell: optimization of in vitro proliferation and differentiation. McFarland DC, Doumit ME, Minshall RD.Tissue Cell. 1988;20(6):899-908. doi: 10.1016/0040-8166(88)90031-6.PMID: 3245037
  6. Investigations on in vitro survival and virulence of T. pallidum under aerobiosis. Rathlev T. Br J Vener Dis. 1975 Oct;51(5):296-300. doi: 10.1136/sti.51.5.296. PMID: 172190
  7. Altered polyamine metabolism in Chinese hamster cells growing in a defined medium. Sertich GJ, Glass JR, Fuller DJ, Gerner EW.J Cell Physiol. 1986 Apr;127(1):114-20. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041270115.PMID: 3958058

  [/fusion_text][fusion_table fusion_table_type="1" fusion_table_rows="13" fusion_table_columns="2" margin_top="30px" margin_right="" margin_bottom="" margin_left="" hide_on_mobile="small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility" class="" id="" animation_type="" animation_direction="left" animation_color="" hue="" saturation="" lightness="" alpha="" animation_speed="0.3" animation_delay="0" animation_offset=""]

  Parameter	Specification
  Appearance	Red, clear liquid
  pH	7.2 ± 0.1
  Osmolality	275-360 mOsm/L
  Endotoxin	NMT< 2EU/mL
  Mycoplasma	Negative
  Suitability	Suitable for mammalian cell culture
  Additive	Sodium pyruvate
  Indicator	Phenol red
  Mycoplasma Detection	Negative
  Sterility Tested	Sterile filtered using 0.22 µm filter
  Form	Liquid
  Shipping Condition	Room temperature

  [/fusion_table][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container]1 x 10 L, 1 x 50 L, 10 X 1EZ Individually Packed, 50 X 1EZ Individually Packed, 1 x 500 mL, 6 x 500 mL, 1 x 1000 mL, 6 x 1000 mL Read more